OR93 – The Young Male Gray Wolf Who Wandered 1000 Miles Into California Has Been Killed In A Car Accident

A young wolf from Oregon who was a player in the slow reintroduction of wolves into California has been killed by a vehicle, a fate common to many endangered animals seeking to survive in the Golden State.

The young wolf, OR93 is certainly not the only victim of roadside carnage that kills more than 500 black bears, 300 cougars and members of 400 species a year. The slaughter costs California more than $1Billion every 5 years.

The wolf, identified as OR93 because he was the 93rd wolf in an Oregon study, was hit by a vehicle in Kern County. A necropsy (animal autopsy) showed damage to his left hind leg, a dislocated knee and soft tissue damage to the abdomen. He was found on a dirt road frontage parallel to I-5 near the town of Lebec. He was identified by the collar he was wearing. Lebec is an unincorporated mountain community of 1,500 people located about 40 miles south of Bakersfield and 75 miles north of Los Angeles.

OR93 was a gray wolf (canis lupus) born in 2019 into the White River pack in northern Oregon. His pack began a few years before his birth and now numbers 11. He was collared sometime after birth in an Oregon wolf study and left his family and entered California’s Modoc County in January, 2021. He returned to Oregon briefly but came back to California to stay in February. His collar went dead in April and by that time he had wandered more than 900 miles, perhaps 1000, into the state. His travels took him near Yosemite and into northern Ventura County. In both areas he was the first wolf that far south since one was captured in San Bernardino in 1922.

His appearance that far south and his evident success excited biologists who are watching the gradual reintroduction of wolves into the western United States. Wolves were once common throughout the United States but were declared varmints and gradually exterminated. By the 1950’s they had been exterminated except for remnants in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan. Red wolves existed in the Southeast, but were declared extinct in the wild by 1970. Most of those remaining were captured for captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Red wolves are a distinct species from gray wolves, of whom there may be four or five subspecies in North America.

Scientists such as L. David Mech began to study wolves closely during the `1950’s. Mech worked in Michigan, particularly at Isle Royale National Park. The work of such scientists, began to change public opinion about the animal. Reintroduction efforts began at Yellowstone National Park in the 1990’s. Descendants of those wolves and wolves from Canada began to cross back into other states. Today, Washington state has numerous active packs and an estimated 108 wolves. Oregon is home to several packs. and an estimated 158 individuals. Idaho is home to an estimated 1,000 wolves.

California today has one active pack, the Lassen Pack, which appears to be established, A second pack, the Shasta Pack, has disappeared. There is a Whaleback Pair, which will become a pack if they breed successfully and the pups survive. Individual wolves are also believed to be in the state.

Australia, Plagued by Feral Cats and Other Invasive Species, May Battle Back With Genetic Weapons

The domestic house cat (felis catus) has gone almost full circle in its development, from wild cat (felis sylvestris) to that that cuddly lap mop and back to a feral wild thing wreaking havoc all over the world.

Tabby House Cat Photo by Sean Valentine on Pexels.com

Australia is particularly hard hit as an estimated six million feral cats roam the island continent killing native species and contributing to Australia’s shocking extinction rate in which four mammal species are lost a decade. Along with introduced European rabbits and other invasive species cats are now squarely in the sights of a beleaguered nation. Housecats, rabbits, dromedary camels, deer, horses, wild pigs, foxes and water buffalo all have been released in Australia causing various levels of destruction, with house cats among the most destructive.

African wildcats strongly resemble domestic and feral ctas Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

Despite normal control efforts – catching, killing and poisoning, they seem to be getting ahead of control efforts. After all, a “Queen” can breed at six months, deliver two to three litters a year and breed for about ten years. Each litter contains three to five kittens on average. Although they are only mid-level predators with enemies including snakes, dogs, other canines, hawks owls and other creatures, the survival rate is good. Australia, with a long list of vulnerable endangered animals, is very worried. House cats are excellent hunters and prey on anything from insects up to prey slightly larger than rabbits. An estimated 1,000 species of prey, all told.

The worries have been worsened by the recent fires which authorities fear will benefit the cats because the burned over land will make it easier to find, kill and eat some of the more helpless animals on the island continent.

Australian scientists at CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency, are therefore sounding the alarm and looking into genetic control as a means of stopping the feline invasion and working to reduce the other invasive animals as well. A recent report by the organization highlights genetic control as a means of saving native species. Genetic control involves methods such as introducing genes to make the species more susceptible to disease, or sterilizing large numbers of individuals or causing all births to be of one gender. The CSIRO report thinks cats are a potential target of genetic control. The report stresses the long-term nature of the battle and the need for national commitment. Not an immediate fix

The technique of genetic control is probably most familiar due to work with insects. Starting in the 1930’s scientists Edward F Knipling and Raymond C. Bushland investigated ways to control the screw worm fly, which lays eggs in the flesh of living animals. The eggs are usually laid near an open wound or cut and the eggs hatch quickly and the larvae exploit the wound. The animals suffer enormously and can die if not treated. Treatment involved cleaning the wound, removing larvae with tweezers and continuing to treat the wound. The two men realized controlling the insects was the best strategy. After World War Two the scientists found ways to use radiation to sterilize the flies without killing them or otherwise changing their behavior. Millions of sterile flies were captive raised and then released. They mated with regular females who did not lay fertile eggs. Since the females only mated once, the number of fertile eggs laid eventually reached near zero. The method was tested in Florida and brought to Texas. Screwworms were eradicated in Texas by 1966 and have been eradicated in Mexico and several Central and South American countries since then. Their work has been hailed as one of the greatest success stories in insect control and the peaceful use of atomic power. Screw worms remain a problem in other parts of the world and veterinary scientists remain alert for outbreaks.

Whether Australians, or other people around the world will be as comfortable with genetic altering of cats, horses, foxes and rabbits remains to be seen. Other forms of genetic alteration technology, such as genetically altered food, have faced serious public criticism and many humans remain sceptical and wary of genetic alteration technology.

News Roundup: Stories of Interest You Might Have Missed

A retirement home for baboons and macaque monkeys in Indiana has recently planted 60 fruit trees to help feed the animals, thanks to The Fruit Tree Planting Foundation and generous donors. The foundation plants fruit, nut and medicinal trees worldwide to help alleviate hunger, poverty and disease. The recipient, The Peaceable Primate Sanctuary in Winamac, Indiana is a 78-acre sanctuary, the first of its kind, which houses baboons and macaques that have been retired from research institutions, the pharmaceutical industry or rescued from poor situations.

Video and audio of Chinese covid prevention workers beating a corgi to death in the name of Covid control has sparked outrage all over China and much of the rest of the internet. The dog’s owner was in compulsory quarantine when the two workers entered his home. The corgi was hit over the head with a crowbar. The incident was captured on security camera and shared by the dog’s owner.

De Winton’s golden mole, a South African mole last seen in 1936, may be not be extinct after all. if the work of a team of conservationists bears fruit. The small moles live in an area that has been exploited for gold mining. They have oil on their fur which gives them a golden hue and also allows to slide through sand without leaving a tunnel. The team of researchers and a dog are pioneering a method to find eDNA – environmental DNA from shed skin and other leave behinds such as excrement. The technique has been used in aquatic situations but not on land. The dog locates a likely place for a mole to live and the researchers hunt for the eDNA. So far the results show that the eDNA collected could belong to the De Winton’s mole or to the related Van Zyl’s mole, which is also endangered. The research was sponsored by Re:Wild through it lost species program.

Another lost species, Australia’s assassin spider, (also known as a pelican spider) has also been recently rediscovered. It was feared extinct after the massive fires that burned much of the island continent but two indiviual spiders have been found. Assassin spiders are a super family of related spiders. The spider in question is a pelican spider, named for its resemblance to the bird. The spiders are named assassin spiders because they eat other spiders and have developed specialized characteristics to that end.

Freeway Over Crossing for Wildlife to Break Ground Soon; More Evidence of Cougar InBreeding Highlights Need For Bridge

Although biologists are pleased at the discovery of a 99th cougar in the Santa Monica Mountains study – a cougar that appears to be healthy – another recent study suggests inbreeding is worse than thought and the long-awaited Liberty Canyon overcrossing for wildlife can’t come a moment too soon.

The Liberty Canyon area, home to a housing development after which it is named, was selected by biologists who studied animal movements and picked the area as the site for the overcrossing. Public support kicked in, spearheaded by Savela cougars which connected some 4,000 interested personal, corporate and other donors who have contributed to the drive.

Biologists worldwide have realized that setting aside parks and other areas for wildlife is ineffective if isolated populations form with no way to intermingle and interbreed. This will eventually result in genetic problems and could lead to extinction. One of the key conservation goals is finding ways to allow animal traffic through and around human habitation. The Liberty Canyon pathway – to be known formally as the Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing may be the biggest of its kind in the world. It will be named after Ms, Annenberg, who is a major philanthropist and donor. The Annenberg Foundation and the California Wildlife Conservation Board (WCB) topped the donor list for the overcrossing by giving $25 million each. About $12 million is needed to reach the $85 million goal set. The WCB is a California board whose purpose is to fund wildlife habitat protection efforts. The WCB currently has 15 different programs supporting various types of habitat protection.

Meanwhile, the one dozen collared cougars in the National Wildlife Service (NWS) study are both blissfully unaware of the coming overpass and showing more signs of inbreeding.

Kinked Tail. Daily Mail photo

NWS researchers have noted kinked tails and undescended testicles for several years and felt the problem was serious, but a recent study suggests the problem is worse than was believed. The study was published in October in the journal Theriogenology, a specialized veterinary journal publishing in the field of animal reproductive biology. The American College of Theriogenologists is the membership organization in the field.

Essentially the study found more incidences of abnormal sperm than the NWS had found. Examination of five dead cougars found they all had abnormal sperm. The study as much as doubled the number of known abnormalities.

Victims of Captive Wildife Trade: Drug Lord’s Hippos May Wreak Havoc In Colombia As Experts, Public Clash On Their Fate

Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar has been dead since 1993 when he was killed in a shootout but one of his lesser known legacies – hippotamus victims of the Vanity Animal Trade – are at the center of serious debate in Colombia. In the US these invasive hippos have won a legal victory in a ruling that the hippos have human rights.

Massive hippo shows size of problem confronting would be sterilizers of the Colombian beasts. Guardian phoito

As the stories covered in this blog regarding captive tigers, dogs mistreated by breeders, and fox pups sold as domestic puppies show, the captive wild animal trade has lots of negative consequences. It is estimated to be a multi-billion dollar business leaving misery and chaos behind.

The convoluted story begins with Escobar’s decision to build his ranch at Hacienda Napoles in the town and municipality of Puerto Triunfo located about halfway between Medellin, the home of his cartel, and the Nation’s capital, Bogota. Like many rich people he built a private zoo with little regard for consequences. After his death all the other animals were dispersed to actual zoos except for the hippos. Large, aggressive and difficult to handle they were left in place, perhaps with the expectation that they would die.

Instead, they found the River Magdalena a true home away from home, with enough to eat and free from predators. Their numbers began to expand, and some evidence suggests they like the area enough to have begun to breed earlier than they do in Africa. No one knows how many of the “cocaine hippos” as they are called, are in the region but the number may have grown from 30 or so to well over 100 with some estimates indicating the number could swell to over 1,000 in less than 20 years. The river basin they inhabit is a waterway they could use to colonize the whole country with unknown consequences. Some fear they could displace endangered native species such as manatees. Others think their biological presence and droppings could alter the river’s chemical balance, ruining fisheries. A potentially bigger problem is human-hippo conflict. About 500 people a year are killed in Africa by hippos and the animals routinely rest near the top of the most “dangerous animals” lists. So far no one has been killed by hippos in Colombia, but serious injuries have occurred.

What to do? Colombian scientists do not seek to exterminate the animals but rather to limit their numbers either by killing a select number – thus “culling” the herd – or by trying to sterilize enough hippos that their reproduction is slowed. Neither option is easy, but sterilizing a hippo is dangerous and expensive as pilot efforts to do so have found.

Meanwhile US animal rights activists have found a sympathetic judge who has declared the hippos to be “people” in the eyes of US law. This ruling has no impact on Colombia and its decisions of what to do about the hippos. It is however, the first time a federal judge has stated animals have human rights and the decision is controversial. Activists hail the decision but others fear unintended consequences if the ruling stands and expands.

News Roundup: Stories of Interest You Might Have Missed

Penguin Swims 1,800 Miles, Becomes Local Celeb

A young Adelie Penguin has made the 1,800 mile journey from Antarctica to New Zealand, only the third of its species known to have done so. The bird as been nicknamed Pingu by locals. apparently after a penguin themed television show. The Adelie was spotted on the beach looking fatigued and reluctant to return to sea. Pingu the Adelie was taken to a penguin rehab and later released.

Baleen Whales Eat Far More Than Was Believed – And That is Important

Baleen whales eat up to three times as much as previously thought – and the implications are important for the oceans and conservation. Baleen whales are 14 species of whales including humpback, right whales and blue whales. The study indicates a single blue whale eats up to 16 tons of small creatures such as krill and plankton a day – three times what was believed. Whale feces are a major driver in the oceans ecosystem and the new study is further evidence protection of whales is critical.

Huge Joro Spiders Invade Georgia

A genuine spider invasion is underway in north Georgia and so far reactions are mixed. Joro spiders, natives of Japan and east Asia, are believed to have arrived in the state in a shipping container in about 2015. This year the population has grown into the millions in north Georgia, which has a similar climate to Japan. The large orb weavers are building big webs all over the area and reactions are mixed. Many residents are killing as many as they can and the scientific community is uncertain. They appear to be harmless to humans and pets, but it is unclear what impact they may have on native species of spiders and insects. One scientist says since they kill stinkbugs they should be welcomed, others fear they may eat beneficial creatures.

Peruvian Family Discovers New Pet is Not What They Thought

A Peruvian family fell victim to illegal animal trafficking when they bought what they thought was a puppy. They named their pet RunRun and all was well for a short period until the animal, actually an Andean fox, began killing local farm animals. The puppyish look that fooled them disappeared and RunRun was obviously a fox in the time before he ran away. Now he is being sought for relocation to a shelter as his proximity to humans makes him a bad candidate for release into the wild.

US Wildlife Officials Continue Protection for Critically Endangered Red Wolves; Will Maintain Aggressive Recovery Programs

The US Fish and Wildlife Service has decided not to reduce the protected habitat of the North Carolina red wolf, possibly as few as 14 individuals. and it will continue to assist captive breeding and efforts to curtail incursions by coyotes moving into the area, according to news reports.

Red wolf pups such as these at the North Carolina Zoo are essential to the survival of the species as efforts at captive breeding and reingtroduction continue.

The decision also brings attention to key questions such as “What exactly is a red wolf?” and “How far should federal agencies go in conserving endangered species and reintroducing them to the wild?” The decision to continue the protections is part of an ongoing legal battle with conservation groups who contend that red wolves are a separate species and that cutting back protection would violate the federal Endangered Species Act.

The remaining wolves are confined to the Albemarle Peninsula, which also has the distinction of being rural enough to boast the darkest night time skies on the East Coast, According to the North Carolina State University:

“The Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula (APP) in eastern North Carolina is a 6000 square kilometer rural landscape comprised mostly of forested wetlands, herbaceous wetlands, upland pine forests, row-crop agriculture, and blackwater creeks.  The peninsula is surrounded by the second largest estuarine complex in North America, which is buffered from the Atlantic Ocean by a chain of barrier islands. Though >50% of the peninsula is comprised of wetlands, the extant freshwater and brackish wetlands are only a small remnant of the historical wetlands existing prior to timber extraction in the 19th and 20th centuries and large-scale conversion to agriculture beginning in the 1970s.”

The federal decision reverses a 2018 change in policy that would have reduced the protected wolf habitat from 5 counties to two and would have allowed landowners increased ability to shoot wolves who strayed out of the protected zone. Some argue the wolves are simply coyote hybrids and deserves no protection.

The decision returns Fish and Wildilfe to a more activist conservation role, and although hailed by many conservation groups, is still criticized for not going far enough.

A collared red wolf struggles to survive

Genetic science may also have come to the wolves aid just in time. The wolves were common in much of the eastern United States into the 19th century. In size they fall between gray wolves (canis lupus) and coyotes (canis latrans). Like all American wolves they were hunted without mercy. Their numbers plummeted and in 1980 they were declared extinct in the wild. A handful of purebred red wolves were captured and became the stock for a captive breeding program. Critics have contended that they were nothing more than coyote hybrids, because they can breed with coyotes. But a new study seems to have settled the issue. Although the three are related and share DNA, the panel of scientists says there is enough distinct DNA in the red wolves to show they are a distinct species from coyotes and gray wolves.

Captive breeding is key to the future. The current population of red wolves has dropped from over 150 to the current 14 or so. Car crashes, illegal killings and inbreeding with coyotes are some of the reasons. Increased protection should help with efforts and there is talk of capturing and relocating or sterilizing coyotes in the area.

The federal agencies are not the only groups Involved. The Red Wolf Coalition is an active partner in conservation efforts and list the following sites as captive breeding centers:

“Without a managed captive breeding program, the red wolf would have continued its rapid slide to oblivion. But the Species Survival Program (SSP), established by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) in 1981, designated three facilities to cooperate in conserving this rare species of wolf. All red wolves are descended from just 14 founders. Thus, today, 44 approved zoos and wildlife centers throughout the U.S. manage the red wolf population as a genetic reservoir. While the need to infuse the wild population with more adult wolves has diminished as wild red wolves continue to reproduce successfully, these SSP facilities support interactive management with the USFWS Red Wolf Recovery Program by developing innovative techniques such as cross-fostering pups from SSP facilities to wild litters, allowing wild red wolves raise the pups with their own wild-born offspring. Additionally, the SSP facilities coordinate research in genome banking, assisted reproduction, behavior studies and veterinary medicine. 

The story of the red wolves shows how much can be done when humans seek to save a population of wild animals and cooperate in the effort.

Bobcats Continue to Battle Poisons and Traffic To Survive in Santa Monica Mountains Region

Although overshadowed in the media by the struggle local cougars face in an increasingly urban Los Angeles metro area, the local bobcats,(lynx rufus), face their own enemies with poisons and autos remaining major threats.

in an email to Wild Animal News and Information, Joanne Moriarty , a biologist with the National Park Service (NPS) wrote generally of the battle the small size predators face. The NPS has been studying local cats since 1996 and has tracked over 300 0f the felines, Mostly from Westlake Village, Thousand Oaks and Agoura Hills. NPS says the length and size of the study makes it one of the most important studies of its kind. She cautions, however, that because the study is very local it is difficult to know exactly what is going on throughout the range. Bobcats are found throughout Southern California and indeed most of the US, Mexico and southern Canada.

Bing Images San Diego Union tribune Photo

In the early years of the study, local bobcat populations were stable and healthy but in 2002 mange began to sweep the population, killing many. Although the direct link isn’t clear according to NPS the problem seems to be caused by anti-coagulant rat poisons, related to warfarin. This in turn is part of our war against rats and our efforts to control human disease. Warfarin and other anti-coagulants inhibit Vitamin-K production leading to deficits in coagulation and internal bleeding. In humans it can be used as a blood thinner to help treat certain diseases in which blood thinning helps. It kills rats by causing internal bleeding, Rats are prolific breeders and if left alone can breed astronomically. Of course there are natural ways to get rid of rats, but as you see from the list found on the website of a landscaping company shows, many of them require considerable work. So it is little wonder many homeowners and institutions turn to poisons. California has instituted some controls on these poisons, but they remain widely available. As predators, including bobcats, kill and eat rats the poisons build up and begin to cause illness, Although Moriarty says rabbits are the mainstay of local bobcat diets they also eat rats, mice, squirrels, birds, reptiles and insects. They often consume sub-lethal doses of the anti-coagulants, which build up in the liver and then interfere with their immune systems apparently leading to mange, a severe skin and hair disease. and other fatal conditions.

The story of B-332 is an example. He was an adult cat in the study who contracted mange and died.

B-332 was a local bobcat in the Santa Monica Mountains study who contracted mange and died. NPS

B-332 was first captured and tagged in 2015. NPS had this to say about his death in a press release

“California restricted the retail sale of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in 2014, but they are still available for use by licensed applicators. First-generation anticoagulant rodenticides are widely available for purchase. Both first- and second-generation compounds were detected in B-332’s liver.

B-332 died on December 19, 2016, in Simi Valley. Residents in a neighborhood flanking the Simi Hills reported a mangy bobcat hanging around. Local animal control picked him up, euthanized him, and, noting the research GPS collar, contacted and delivered the body to Moriarty, who estimated he would likely have died within a day.

The connection between exposure to anticoagulant rodenticide and mange, a parasitic disease of the hair and skin, is still not fully understood. Previous NPS research, however, has found that bobcats that have ingested rodenticide are much more likely to suffer from severe mange.

The prevalence of mange peaked between 2002 and 2006 in the Simi Hills area, during which time more than 50 percent of radio-collared bobcats died as a result of the condition, overtaking vehicular collisions as the leading cause of death among the local population. Although few cases were seen in the Simi Hills by 2008, until about 2013, unfortunately more cases have been seen again in recent years.”

Moriarty said in the email NPS has not done a recent survey regarding bobcats and mange but that anecdotal evidence does not indicate a change for the better. Perhaps predictably, the second biggest threat to bobcats is death by automobile. It is also a risk for mountain lions, who often die trying to cross busy roadways although there have been incidences of them successfully crossing freeways.

Bobcats also face other challenges. Mountain lions will kill them as wild cats do not generally tolerate other wildcats. As for coyotes, Moriarty said that the relationship is complicated. Bobcats are fierce and well armed and can defend themselves well but sometimes fall prey to coyotes, especially the young. She said there is no evidence they are inter breeding with local feral cats. The local bobcatscats top off around 20 pounds. In areas where they grow larger, as much as 30 pounds, she said they sometimes kill and eat deer. Locally, they have been observed feeding off a deer carcass but they have not been found to kill deer.

life goes on, however, and bobcats continue to deliver kittens even under trying circumstances as they demonstrate a strong will to survive.

News Roundup: Stories of Interest You May Have Missed

Iowa Yanks Breeder’s License over abused puppies and dogs

Lions Tigers and leopards are not the only victims of the breeding crisis. Iowa has recently yanked the license of a breeder for breeding puppies in terrible conditions. This news comes on the heels of Tiger King Rescue in which The Wild Animal Sanctuary has removed 141 big cats, bears and wolves from Joe Exotic’s wild animal exhibits.

Cancer Survivor Mauled By Bear, Saved by Husband and Son

A woman battling cancer was mauled by a bear that found its way into her kitchen. The woman survived serious puncture wounds. She was rescued by her husband and son who drove the bear away.

Research now shows spiders are so scary they scare other spiders. Apparently spiders run away when other spiders are put in front of them. In other research, human fear of spiders is proven to be inborn. Babies as young as six months show anxiety reactions when shown pictures of spiders, reactions they don’t show when other animals are shown to them.

Maine’s iconic puffins have had a bad year, as their reproduction rates have fallen. The decline in the numbers of their favorite fish appear to be to cause of the decline.

Wild Animal Sanctuary Continues to Rescue “Joe Exotic” Animals; Count Reaches 141


“This will be the event of the year for animal welfare. Thousands of supporters and people will be joining from all over the world to help end the Captive Wildlife Crisis and support the animals” Derek McCormick, Marketing Manager (TWAS)

McCormick was speaking in advance of November 4th’s video event in which Pearl the Tiger and many animals removed from Joe Exotic’s Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park were shown transitioning from lives that resulted in numerous animal abuse charges to lives in property owned by The Wild Animal Sanctuary (TWAS) which owns 10,000 acres in Colorado. The animals will roam free in large enclosures with minimal human contact, according to TWAS.

For his part, TWAS executive director Pat Craig said the video event and the rescue were one of the “most special” events in TWAS 42 year history. That history has seen TWAS grow from the 789 acre TWAS main campus to include a 41 acre Wild Animal Sanctuary Texas in Boyd, Texas and the 9,684 acre Wild Animal Refuge in Springfield, Colorado. The 789 acre facility has 1.5 miles of elevated walkways and allows visitors. The others do not.

Joseph Allen Maldonado-Passage called himself “Joe Exotic” or the “Tiger King.” He owned his Greater Wynnewood facility for nearly twenty years until it was shut down following a Netflix series about events leading to his conviction and sentencing.

For his part Passage has claimed he was targeted, lied about and is a victim of persecution. In a series of tweets he said “Injustice anywhere is injustice everywhere” and says the truth will come out with the release of a documentary “Tiger King 2” and the release of a book Nov. 23rd. He says that opinions will change following these releases. He has been convicted in federal court of an attempted murder for hire, and animal abuse and sentenced to prison. The animals he used to own which now are at TWAS were removed in batches beginning in December, 2017 when 39 tigers and 3 bears were removed from Exotic’s care. Subsequently, 3 lions. 11 wolves, 3 tigers and more bears were removed as per court orders. The next group contained 14 lions, tigers and hybrid crosses. In January 2021 14 more tigers were taken in. On May 6 a liger (lion-tiger cross) was transferred and five other cats went to other sanctuaries. On May 17 a further 35 lions tigers and hybrids came out of Greater Wynnewood.

During his legal troubles Joe Exotic had transferred ownership. The new owners also lost their licenses because they were unable to improve the conditions at the zoo. In August 2021, 14 more animals were taken including 1 kinkajou ( a tropical rainforest mammal related to raccoons) bobcats and caracals TWAS is using the spotlight from the rescues and the Joe Exotic case to shine a harsh light on the captive wild animal trade in which animals are captured, sold and kept in substandard condition for amusement or profit. It is a world wide trade and the scope is staggering. Thousands more tigers are kept privately (outside of zoos) in the United

States than exist in the wild. Often leading to this. The situation is grave, according to wildlife experts. Kent Drotar, director of publicity for TWAS spoke in an interview:

“According to Drotar, about 80% of the sanctuary’s residents, among them lions, jaguars, tigers, wolves, bears, ostriches and more, arrive there after being confiscated by law enforcement agencies. Often this is by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) or U.S. Fish and Wildlife, which seize abused and/or illegally-owned wild animals and then place those animals in appropriate sanctuaries once the legal proceedings connected to the animal’s seizure are complete.”

Numerous bona fide sanctuaries exist in the US and each rescues injured, abused or neglected wildlife caught up in human accidents or misbehavior.

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